Introduction Obtustatin isolated from the venom of the Vipera lebetina obtusa viper is a highly potent integrin α1β1 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.8 nM for α1β1 binding to type IV collagen). And α1β1 is selecti
Introduction PBP 10 (RhoB-Glu-Arg-Leu-Phe-Glc-Val-Lys-Glc-Arg-Arg) is a 10-aa-long rhodamine-linked and membrane-permeable peptide inhibitor. It is highly specific for FPR2 and has no inhibitory funct
Introduction PKC (19-36), a synthetic peptide of the pseudosubstrate domain of the kinase, is a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Pharmacologic actionPKC (19-36), a pseudosubstrate proto
Introduction ProTx II, a 30-amino acid, disulfide-rich peptide toxin, isolated from the venom of the tarantula, Thrixopelma pruriens. This toxin belongs to the inhibitory cysteine knot family and is
Introduction Purotoxin 1, a component from the venom of Geolycosa spiders, exerts selective inhibitory action on P2X3 receptors, which opens up new prospects in the studies of structural/functional
Introduction MEN 10376 (Asp-Tyr-D-Trp-Val-D-Trp-D-Trp-Lys-NH2) is an analogue of Neurokinin A (NKA), which has a selective affinity to NK2 tachykinin receptor. Starting from the C-terminal heptapeptid
Introduction Margatoxin (MgTX) is a 39 amino acid peptide with significant sequence homology to charybdotoxin (ChTX), and has such structural motifs as three disulfide bridges, a mid-chain (α-helix),
Introduction R18 peptide is a non-phosphorylated ligand of 14-3-3 that was originally isolated from a phage display screen, and the peptide sequences revealed a tetrapeptide motif, WLDL, located in t
Introduction MCL 0020 is a synthetic tripeptide with the structure of Ac-D-2Nal-Arg-2Nal-NH2 (2-Nal= 3-(2-naphthyl)-L-alanine; D-2-Nal = 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine). It is discovered by Chaki et al. and
Introduction GR 82334 is a spirolactam analog with the structure of [[(S, S) Pro-Leu (spiro-γ-lactam)]9,10, Trp11] Physalaemin (1-11) that exhibits selective tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonism. NK1 re
Introduction DAPTA (D-[Ala]-Ser-Thr-Thr-Thr-Asn-Tyr-Thr-amide), D-Ala-Peptide T amide, is one of analogue of peptide T, which is an octapeptides from the V2 region of gp120 of HIV, named for its high
Introduction UFP-803 (H-Asp-c[Pen-Phe-DTrp-Dab-Tyr-Cys]-Val-OH), [Pen 5, DTrp 7, Dab 8] U-II (4-11), is a peptidic UT (urotensin-II receptor) receptor ligand. It is generated from a potent UT recepto
Introduction APETx2, a 42 amino-acid peptide toxin isolated from sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima, is a kind of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) channel blocker (IC50 values are 63 and 175 nM
Introduction Cyclotraxin B , a potent antagonist of TrkB receptors, inhibits BDNF-induced TrkB activity (IC50 = 0.30 nM). Research shows it prevents BDNF-induced cold allodynia and exhibits putative
Introduction The peptide Difopein, designed, isolated and identified by Haian Fu, is a high affinity inhibitor of 14-3-3 proteins. And when expressed in COS-7 and various cancer cells, difopein induc
Introduction Camstatin is a similar PEP-19 analogue with enhanced calmodulin binding and antagonism. It is a functional 25-residue fragment of the IQ motif of PEP19 that binds to calmodulin and inhi
Introduction Conotoxins are small peptides of 12 to 19 amino acids, which act as highly selective antagonists of ion channels in animal cells. A subgroup of these, the 4, 7 loop class of α-conotoxins
Introduction BIM 189 is one of the most potent bombesin antagonists known in the guinea pig and 3T3 cell systems but has 40% partial agonist activity in the rat. More recent analogues of this type wh
Introduction The endocytosis of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) requires the GTPase activity of dynamin. Since it is now established that a common mechanism for the stimulation of dynamin GTPase activity inv
Introduction Ornithoctonus huwena, Chinese tarantula, is one of the most venomous spiders in China, and its venom can kill insects and some small vertebrates. Huwentoxin-XVI (HWTX-XVI) is a new type o
