Annexin Peptides
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Introduction
Annexin peptide, also known as calphobindin, belongs to calcium-dependent membrane calphobindin superfamily, whose members are mainly in the form of tetramers and have high homology. Although annexin is a calcium-dependent regulatory protein, some family members are also structurally altered by the regulation of pH. The gene encoding the annexin is highly conserved and first discovered in vertebrates. It has subsequently been found that annexin genes are widely present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Annexin was first used to study the structure of the calcium channel, and then it was found to be involved in biofilm formation, signaling, anti-inflammatory, and biological processes that regulate cell migration and apoptosis.
Mechanism of action
Annexin can participate in the formation of biofilms. Annexin A1 or A2 can bind to S100C using the amino terminus to form a stable complex, which promotes the fusion of the annexed biofilm. X-ray diffraction experiments show that AnxA6 can combine two independent membranes from two core domains of AnxA5 and A10 to make them close and interact. Annexin also interacts with the cytoskeleton. Annexin A1 binds to profilin protein to regulate actin aggregation, and phosphorylated annexin A1 is able to aggregate actin to inhibit the secretion of adrenocortical hormone. Annexin A2 binds directly to F-actin to establish and stabilize the structure and domain of biofilms. Tyr-23, which phosphorylates annexin A2 by SRC tyrosinase, localizes the protein to the plasma membrane, inhibits actin buckling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and ultimately leads to changes in cell morphology and cell motility.
Application of Annexin Peptides
Annexin peptides play an important role in tumors and immune diseases. Annexin A2 has the effect of inhibiting thrombosis, repairing blood vessel damage, and anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects, so it is expected to become a new anti-cancer drug. Recent studies have shown that annexin A5 can predict mortality in patients with heart failure early and can be used as an inflammatory marker for the level of organ damage.
References
- Lim L H, Pervaiz S. Annexin 1: the new face of an old molecule.[J]. Faseb Journal Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2007, 21(4):968.
- Burgoyne R D, Geisow M J. The annexin family of calcium-binding proteins. Review article.[J]. Cell Calcium, 1989, 10(1):1-10.
